从农妇讨薪到法官上书，为什么总是求助于总理？

杨涛


去年10月24日，温家宝总理路过重庆市庆云阳县人和镇龙泉村，熊德明“向总理说了实话”，反映她丈夫的2300元工钱被拖欠。总理当即指示地方政府要解决好拖欠民工工资问题，六个小时之内她就拿到了被欠的工钱。熊德明因此荣获2003年“中国经济年度人物”年度社会公益奖。最近，熊德明还专门出马到到温州为民工讨薪，在遭遇到重重困难时，她一再表示要将讨薪的结果报告给温总理。
然而，“有困难找总理”，还不仅仅是一个普通的农妇，贵为法官的赵丕仁为民工的薪水两上北京，多次协调却未果。无奈之下也不得不而求助总理。据《重庆晨报》12月16日报道，重庆市开县人民法院丰乐法庭法官赵丕仁，为了给开县200余名民工讨回拖欠长达三年之久的355万元血汗钱，两上北京，并上书温家宝总理。同样这一举动也产生积极效果，此信被迅速转到国务院信访局，两天后，国务院信访局负责人批示，责成中铁总公司于10天内付清所拖欠的开县200余名民工工资，该公司也及时将欠款交清了。
农妇熊德明请求总理帮忙讨薪，还是可以理解，因为农妇软弱无助，在讨薪成本太高时，她向总理求助，是在走一条捷径。但是，作为法官的赵丕仁也不得不求助于总理，无论从那一角度来说，对于建设一个法治社会是不正常的。法官只服从法律，法院判决依托的是法律的尊严，是国家的权威，对法院的藐视，就是对法律的藐视，就是对国家的藐视。法官为民工讨薪的无奈，何尝又不是法律的无奈，国家的无奈？
但是，存在的悖论是，为什么总理一出面，国务院信访局负责人一批示，问题就马上又能解决？欠薪迅速能到民工手里？这能说这些欠薪的企业和老板不尊重国家的权威和尊严吗？事实上，在传统中国文化中，对国家权力的敬畏，深深植根于民众心中，如果国家真正严格地执行法律，动真格，这些“老赖”们还是心底发虚，敢于对抗国家权力的还是少数。
敢于对抗法官的“老赖”们不敢与国家最高行政权力对抗，这是为什么呢？其原因也许在于这么几点，一是从根本上讲，这些人只畏惧权力，并不遵守法律，二是在权力体系中，司法权太弱，行政权太强，在一般民众心中，也许只能称为行政权代表国家，而司法权边缘化，这在地方以行政权为核心，司法机关的人财物受制于行政机关可见一斑，因此行政权一声令下，事情就很快解决；三是只敬畏高层次的权力，并不把地方权力当作国家权力组成部分，地方法院尽管适用的是国家的法律，作为外地的企业却只服从于从上而下的行政命令，而不服从于地方法院执行法律；四是可能存在的地方保护主义加剧了“老赖”们的抵触心理，地方政府对于本地企业进行袒护，使得问题只有上级机关来加以命令或者协调才能解决。
然而，如果一个社会，包括民工薪水的讨要都要最高行政机关来解决，姑且不说最高行政机关会堪重负，难以承受，更为重要的是漠视司法权，漠视国家法律的统一适用，对国家法治建设是灾难性的。法官赵丕仁为民工讨薪从个案上看是正义的，其背后反映的制度缺陷却是值得我们反思！

通联：江西省赣州市人民检察院 杨涛 华东政法学院法律硕士 　　邮编：３４１０００ 　
tao1991@tom.com
tao9928@tom.com


财政部


中外合作开采陆上石油资源缴纳矿区使用费暂行规定(附英文)

（一九九0年一月十三日国务院批准、一九九0年一月十五日财政部令第3号发布）

第一条 为促进国民经济的发展，扩大国际经济技术合作，鼓励开发我国陆上石油资源，制定本规定。
第二条 在中华人民共和国境内从事合作开采陆上石油资源的中国企业和外国企业，应当依照本规定缴纳矿区使用费。
第三条 矿区使用费按照每个油、气田日历年度原油或者天然气总产量分别计征。矿区使用费费率如下：
（一）原油
年度原油总产量不超过5万吨的部分，免征矿区使用费；
年度原油总产量超过5万吨至10万吨的部分，费率为1％；
年度原油总产量超过10万吨至15万吨的部分，费率为2％；
年度原油总产量超过15万吨至20万吨的部分，费率为3％；
年度原油总产量超过20万吨至30万吨的部分，费率为4％；
年度原油总产量超过30万吨至50万吨的部分，费率为6％；
年度原油总产量超过50万吨至75万吨的部分，费率为8％；
年度原油总产量超过75万吨至100万吨的部分，费率为10％；
年度原油总产量超过100万吨的部分，费率为12．5％；
（二）天然气
年度天然气总产量不超过1亿标立方米的部分，免征矿区使用费；
年度天然气总产量超过1亿标立方米至2亿标立方米的部分，费率为1％；
年度天然气总产量超过2亿标立方米至3亿标立方米的部分，费率为2％；
年度天然气总产量超过3亿标立方米至4亿标立方米的部分，费率为3％；
年度天然气总产量超过4亿标立方米至6亿标立方米的部分，费率为4％；
年度天然气总产量超过6亿标立方米至10亿标立方米的部分，费率为6％；
年度天然气总产量超过10亿标立方米至15亿标立方米的部分，费率为8％；
年度天然气总产量超过15亿标立方米至20亿标立方米的部分，费率为10％；
年度天然气总产量超过20亿标立方米的部分，费率为12．5％；
第四条 原油和天然气的矿区使用费，均用实物缴纳。
第五条 原油和天然气的矿区使用费，由税务机关负责征收管理。
中外合作开采的油、气田的矿区使用费，由油、气田的作业者代扣，交由中国石油开发公司负责代缴。
第六条 矿区使用费按年计算，分次或者分期预缴，年度终了后汇算清缴。预缴期限和汇算清缴期限，由税务机关确定。
第七条 油、气田的作业者应当在每一季度终了后10日内向税务机关报送油、气田的产量，以及税务机关所需要的其他有关资料。
第八条 矿区使用费的代扣义务人和代缴义务人，必须按照税务机关确定的期限缴纳矿区使用费。逾期缴纳的，税务机关从逾期之日起，按日加收滞纳矿区使用费的1‰的滞纳金。
第九条 油、气田的作业者违反第七条的规定，不按期向税务机关报送油、气田的实际产量和税务机关所需其他有关资料的，税务机关可酌情处以人民币5000元以下的罚款；隐匿产量的，除追缴应缴纳的矿区使用费外，可酌情处以应补缴矿区使用费5倍以下的罚款。
第十条 本规定下列用语的含义是：
（一）原油：指在自然状态下的固态和液态烃，也包括从天然气中提取的除甲烷（ＣＨ-[4]）以外的任何液态烃。
（二）天然气：指在自然状态下的非伴生天然气及伴生天然气。
非伴生天然气：指从气藏中采出的所有气态烃包括湿气、干气，以及从湿气中提取液态烃后的剩余气体。
伴生天然气：指从油藏中与原油同时采出的所有气态烃，包括从中提取液态烃后的剩余气体。
（三）年度原油总产量：指合同区内每一个油、气田在每一日历年度内生产的原油量，扣除石油作业用油和损耗量之后的原油总量。
（四）年度天然气总产量：指合同区每一个油、气田在每一日历年度内生产的天然气量，扣除石油作业用气和损耗量之后的天然气总量。
第十一条 本规定由国家税务局负责解释。
第十二条本规定自1990年1月1日起施行。(附英文)

INTERIM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE PAYMENT OF ROYALTIES FOR CHINESEFOREIGN COOPERATIVE EXPLOITATION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES ON LAND

(Approved by the State Council on January 13, 1990, promulgated byDecree No. 3 of the Minister of Finance on January 15, 1990)

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE PAYMENT OF ROYALTIES FOR CHINESE
FOREIGN COOPERATIVE EXPLOITATION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES ON LAND
(Approved by the State Council on January 13, 1990, promulgated by
Decree No. 3 of the Minister of Finance on January 15, 1990)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated in order to promote the development of
national economy, to expand international economic and technological
cooperation, and to encourage the exploitation of China's petroleum
resources on land.
Article 2
All Chinese and foreign enterprises, which are engaged in the cooperative
exploitation of petroleum resources on land within the territory of the
People's Republic of China, shall pay royalties in accordance with these
Provisions.
Article 3
Royalties shall be computed and imposed on the basis of the gross output
of crude oil or natural gas produced every calendar year from each oil-
and-gas field. The rates of the royalties are as follows:
1. Crude oil
the portion of annual gross output of crude oil not exceeding 50,000 tons,
shall not be subject to the payment of royalties;
for the portion of annual gross output of crude oil from 50,000 to 100,000
tons, the rate shall be 1%;
for the portion of annual gross output of crude oil from 100,000 to
150,000 tons, the rate shall be 2%;
for the portion of annual gross output of crude oil from 150,000 to
200,000 tons, the rate shall be 3%;
for the portion of annual gross output of crude oil from 200,000 to
300,000 tons, the rate shall be 4%;
for the portion of annual gross output of crude oil from 300,000 to
500,000 tons, the rate shall be 6%;
for the portion of annual gross output of crude oil from 500,000 to
750,000 tons, the rate shall be 8%;
for the portion of annual gross output of crude oil from 750,000 to 1
million tons, the rate shall be 10%;
for the portion of annual gross output of crude oil exceeding 1 million
tons, the rate shall be 12.5%.
2. Natural gas
the portion of annual gross output of natural gas not exceeding 100
million standard cubic meters, shall not be subject to the payment of
royalties;
for the portion of annual gross output of natural gas from 100 million to
200 million standard cubic meters, the rate shall be 1%;
for the portion of annual gross output of natural gas from 200 million to
300 million standard cubic meters, the rate shall be 2%;
for the portion of annual gross output of natural gas from 300 million to
400 million standard cubic meters, the rate shall be 3%;
for the portion of annual gross output of natural gas from 400 million to
600 million standard cubic meters, the rate shall be 4%;
for the portion of annual gross output of natural gas from 600 million to
1 billion standard cubic meters, the rate shall be 6%;
for the portion of annual gross output of natural gas from 1 billion to
1.5 billion standard cubic meters, the rate shall be 8%;
for the portion of annual gross output of natural gas from 1.5 billion to
2 billion standard cubic meters, the rate shall be 10%;
for the portion of annual gross output of natural gas exceeding 2 billion
standard cubic meters, the rate shall be 12.5%.
Article 4
The Royalties for crude oil and natural gas shall be paid in kind.
Article 5
The Royalties for crude oil and natural gas shall be levied and
administered by the tax authorities.
With respect to Chinese-foreign cooperative oil or gas fields, the
operators shall act as agents for withholding the royalties, and shall
hand over the royalties withheld to China National Petroleum Expatiation
Corporation, which, in turn, shall act as an agent for making the payment
of the royalties.
Article 6
The royalties shall be computed annually and paid in advance in
installments either based on times or on terms; and the final settlement
shall be made after the end of tax year. The time limits for advance
payment and final settlement shall be set by the tax authorities.
Article 7
The oil or gas fields operators shall, within 10 days after the end of
each quarter, submit to the tax authorities a report on the output of oil
or gas fields and any other related materials required by the tax
authorities.
Article 8
The withholding agents and paying agents with regard to the royalties
must, in accordance with the time limits set by the tax authorities, pay
the royalties. In case of failure to pay the royalties within the time
limits, the tax authorities shall impose a surcharge for overdue payment
equal to 1% of the overdue royalties for everyday in arrears, starting
from the first day the payment becomes overdue.
Article 9
In the case that the oil or gas fields operators, in violation of the
provisions in Article 7, fail to submit on time to the tax authorities the
reports on output of oil or gas fields and other related materials
required by the tax authorities, the tax authorities may impose a fine, in
light of the circumstances, up to but not exceeding RMB 5,000 yuan; in
dealing with those who conceal the actual output, the tax authorities, in
addition to pursuing the royalties payment, may impose a fine, in light of
the circumstances, up to but not exceeding five times of the amount of
royalties that shall be made up.
Article 10
The following terms, used in these Provisions, are defined below:
(1) Crude oil: refers to solid and liquid hydrocarbon in the natural state
as well as any liquid hydrocarbon extracted from natural gas, except for
methane (CH 4).
(2) Natural gas: refers to non-associated natural gas and associated
natural gas in the natural state.
Non-associated natural gas: refers to all gaseous hydrocarbon extracted
from gas deposits, including wet gas, dry gas, and residual gas remaining
after the extraction of liquid hydrocarbon from wet gas.
Associated natural gas: refers to all gaseous hydrocarbon extracted from
oil deposits simultaneously with crude oil, including residual gas
remaining after the extraction of liquid hydrocarbon.
(3) Annual gross output of crude oil: refers to total amount of crude oil
produced by each oil or gas field in the same contracted area, in one
calendar year, less the quantity of oil used for petroleum operations and
that of wasted.
(4) Annual gross output of natural gas: refers to total amount of natural
gas produced by each oil or gas field in the same contracted area, in one
calendar year, less the quantity of natural gas used for petroleum
operations and that of wasted.
Article 11
The State Taxation Bureau shall be responsible for the interpretation of
those Provisions.
Article 12
These Provisions shall become effective as of January 1, 1990.